To Appear
- Designing Mobile Applications for Documenting Endangered Languages [prepublication version]
Steven Bird, In Ken Rehg and Lyle Campbell (eds), Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages, Oxford University Press. - Expressing language resource metadata as Linked Data: The case of the Open Language Archives Community [prepublication version]
Gary Simons and Steven Bird, To appear in Pareja-Lora, A, M Blume, and B Lust (eds), Development of Linguistic Linked Open Data Resources for Collaborative Data-Intensive Research in the Language Sciences, MIT Press. - Phonology [prepublication version]
Steven Bird and Jeffrey Heinz, In Ruslan Mitkov (ed), Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics, Oxford University Press. - Teaching Computer Science in the Victorian Certificate of Education: Results of a Pilot Study
Richard Cox, Steven Bird, and Bernd Meyer
SIGCSE 2017, Seattle - Cross-Lingual Word Embeddings for Low-Resource Language Modeling
Oliver Adams, Adam Makarucha, Graham Neubig, Steven Bird and Trevor Cohn
EACL 2017, Barcelona - Multilingual Training of Crosslingual Word Embeddings
Long Duong, Hiroshi Kanayama, Tengfei Ma, Steven Bird and Trevor Cohn
EACL 2017, Barcelona
2017
2016
- Victorian Certificate of Education: Algorithmics Study Design 2017-19
Steven Bird, Bernd Meyer, Paula Christphersen (editors)
Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority - Learning Crosslingual Word Embeddings without Bilingual Corpora
Long Duong, Hiroshi Kanayama, Tengfei Ma, Steven Bird, and Trevor Cohn
EMNLP 2016, Austin - Learning a Lexicon and Translation Model from Phoneme Lattices
Oliver Adams, Graham Neubig, Trevor Cohn, Steven Bird, Quoc Truong Do and Satoshi Nakamura
EMNLP 2016, Austin - Learning a translation model from word lattices
Oliver Adams, Graham Neubig, Trevor Cohn, and Steven Bird
INTERSPEECH 2016, San Francisco - An attentional model for speech translation without transcription
Long Duong, Antonios Anastasopoulos, David Chiang, Steven Bird and Trevor Cohn
Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies
2015
- A neural network model for low-resource universal dependency parsing
Long Duong and Trevor Cohn and Steven Bird and Paul Cook
Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, p339-348, Lisbon, Portugal - Inducing bilingual lexicons from small quantities of sentence-aligned phonemic transcriptions
Oliver Adams, Graham Neubig, Trevor Cohn and Steven Bird
Proceedings of the International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation pp248-255, Na Dang, Vietnam - Collective document classification with implicit inter-document semantic relationships
Clint Burford, Steven Bird, and Timothy Baldwin
Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics, pp106-116, Denver, USA - Cross-lingual transfer for unsupervised dependency parsing without parallel data
Long Duong, Trevor Cohn, Steven Bird, and Paul Cook
Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Language Learning, pp113–122, Beijing, China - Low resource dependency parsing: Cross-lingual parameter sharing in a neural network parser
Long Duong, Trevor Cohn, Steven Bird, and Paul Cook
Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp845–850, Beijing, China
2014
- Victorian Certificate of Education: Algorithmics Study Design 2015-16
Steven Bird, Bernd Meyer, Paula Christphersen (editors)
Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority - How to study a tone language
Steven Bird and Larry Hyman (editors)
Language Documentation and Conservation - Computational support for early elicitation and classification of tone
Steven Bird and Haejoong Lee
Language Documentation and Conservation 8, 453—461 - What can we get from 1000 tokens? A case study of multilingual POS tagging for resource-poor languages
Long Duong, Trevor Cohn, Karin Verspoor, Steven Bird, and Paul Cook,
Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp886–897, Doha, Qatar - Collecting bilingual audio in remote indigenous villages
Steven Bird, Lauren Gawne, Katie Gelbart and Isaac McAlister,
Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pp1015-1024, Dublin, Ireland - Aikuma: A Mobile App for Collaborative Language Documentation
Steven Bird, Florian R. Hanke, Oliver Adams and Haejoong Lee,
Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages, pp1-5, Baltimore, USA
2013
- Increasing the quality and quantity of source language data for unsupervised cross-lingual POS tagging
Long Duong, Paul Cook, Steven Bird and Pavel Pecina,
Proceedings of the 6th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, pp1243-1249, Nagoya, Japan - Large-scale text collection for unwritten languages
Florian Hanke and Steven Bird,
Proceedings of the 6th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, pp1134-1138, Nagoya, Japan - The International Workshop on Language Preservation: An Experiment in Text Collection and Language Technology
Steven Bird, David Chiang, Friedel Frowein, Andrea L. Berez, Mark Eby, Florian Hanke, Ryan Shelby, Ashish Vaswani, and Ada Wan.
Language Documentation and Conservation 7, 155-167 - Simpler unsupervised POS tagging with bilingual projections
Long Duong, Paul Cook, Steven Bird and Pavel Pecina,
Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp634-639, Sofia, Bulgaria.
2012
- Machine translation for language preservation
Steven Bird and David Chiang,
Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 125-133, Mumbai, India - Fangorn: A system for querying very large treebanks
Sumukh Ghodke and Steven Bird,
Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 175-181, Mumbai, India - Projeto das Línguas Humanas: Construindo um corpus universal das línguas do mundo
Steven Abney and Steven Bird,
In Shepherd, Sardinha and Pinto (eds) Caminhos da Linguística de Corpus, Campinas SP: Mercado de Letras, pp 107-131.
2011
- Bootstrapping the language archive: New prospects for natural language processing in preserving linguistic heritage
Steven Bird,
Linguistic Issues in Language Technology 6, 1-16 - Normalising audio transcriptions for unwritten languages
Adel Foda and Steven Bird,
Proceedings of the 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, 527-535, Chiang Mai, Thailand. - A breadth-first representation for efficient hypergraph matching in large scale forest-based translation
Sumukh Ghodke, Steven Bird, and Rui Zhang
Proceedings of the 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, 785-793, Chiang Mai, Thailand. - Towards a data model for the Universal Corpus
Steven Abney and Steven Bird,
Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora, 120-127, Portland, USA - Collective classification of congressional floor-debate transcripts
Clinton Burfoot, Steven Bird, Timothy Baldwin,
Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, 1506-1515, Portland, USA - Mining language resources from institutional repositories,
Gary F Simons, Steven Bird, Christopher Hirt, Joshua Hou, Sven Pedersen,
Digital Humanities 2011, Stanford, USA
2010
- The Big Australian Speech Corpus
Wagner, Trant, Togneri, Rose, Powers, Bird, et al, Proceedings of the 13th Australasian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology, Melbourne, Australia - The Human Language Project: Building a universal corpus of the World’s languages
Steven Abney and Steven Bird, Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 88-97, Uppsala, Sweden - A scalable method for preserving oral literature from small languages
Steven Bird, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Asia-Pacific Digital Libraries, 5-14, Gold Coast, Australia - Fast query for large treebanks
Sumukh Ghodke and Steven Bird, Human Language Technologies: The 11th Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 267-275, Los Angeles, USA - Querying linguistic trees
Catherine Lai and Steven Bird, Journal of Logic, Language and Information 19, 53-73
2009
- ACL Anthology Reference Corpus
Min-Yen Kan and Steven Bird, LDC Text Corpus LDC2009T29, ISBN 1-58563-531-6 - Natural Language Processing and Linguistic Fieldwork
Steven Bird, Computational Linguistics, 35, 469-474 - Natural Language Processing with Python
Steven Bird, Ewan Klein, and Edward Loper, O’Reilly Media - A blueprint for a comprehensive Australian English auditory-visual speech corpus
D. Burnham, E. Ambikairajah, J. Arciuli, M. Bennamoun, C.T. Best, S. Bird, A.R. Butcher, S. Cassidy, G. Chetty, F.M. Cox, A. Cutler, R. Dale, J.R. Epps, J. Fletcher, R. Goecke, D. Grayden, J. Hajek, J.C. Ingram, S. Ishihara, N. Kemp, Y. Kinoshita, T. Kuratate, T.W. Lewis, D. Loakes, M. Onslow, D.M. Powers, P. Rose, R. Togneri, D. Tran, M. Wagner, Selected Proceedings of the 2008 HCSNet Workshop on Designing the Australian National Corpus: Mustering Languages, pages 1-12, Cascadilla Press
2008
- Querying Linguistic Annotations
Sumukh Ghodke and Steven Bird, Proceedings of the Thirteenth Australasian Document Computing Symposium, Hobart, Australia, pp 69-72 - Toward a global infrastructure for the sustainability of language resources
Gary Simons and Steven Bird, Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Cebu City, Philippines. pp 87-100 - Multidisciplinary instruction with the Natural Language Toolkit
Steven Bird, Ewan Klein, Edward Loper, and Jason Baldridge, Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics, Columbus, Ohio, USA. pp 62-70 - Defining a core body of knowledge for the introductory computational linguistics curriculum
Steven Bird, Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics, Columbus, Ohio, USA. pp 27-35 - The ACL Anthology Reference Corpus: A reference dataset for bibliographic research in Computational Linguistics
Steven Bird, Robert Dale, Bonnie Dorr, Bryan Gibson, Mark Joseph, Min-Yen Kan, Dongwon Lee, Brett Powley, Dragomir Radev, Yee Fan Tan, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Marrakech, Morocco.
2007
- Graphical query for linguistic treebanks
Steven Bird and Haejoong Lee, 10th Conference of the Pacific Association for Computational Linguistics. pp 22-30. Melbourne, Australia - Managing Fieldwork Data with Toolbox and the Natural Language Toolkit
Stuart Robinson, Greg Aumann, and Steven Bird, Language Documentation and Conservation 1, pp 44-57 - Dynamic Path Prediction and Recommendation in a Museum Environment
Karl Grieser, Timothy Baldwin, and Steven Bird, Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data, pp 49-56. Prague, Czech Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics.
2006
- NLTK: The Natural Language Toolkit
Steven Bird, Proceedings of COLING/ACL, Sydney, Australia. Association for Computational Linguistics - Building a Search Engine to Drive Problem-Based Learning
Steven Bird and James Curran, 11th Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, Bologna, Italy, pp 153-157 - Collecting Low-Density Language Materials on the Web
Timothy Baldwin, Steven Bird and Baden Hughes, Proceedings of 12th Australasian Web Conference, Southern Cross University. pp 318-321 - Reconsidering Language Identification for Written Language Resources
Baden Hughes, Timothy Baldwin, Steven Bird, Jeremy Nicholson, and Andrew MacKinlay, 5th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp 485-488, Genoa, Italy - Designing and Evaluating an XPath Dialect for Linguistic Queries
Steven Bird, Yi Chen, Susan Davidson, Haejoong Lee, and Yifeng Zheng, 22nd International Conference on Data Engineering, pp 52-61, Atlanta, USA
2005
- NLTK-Lite: Efficient Scripting for Natural Language Processing
Steven Bird, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Natural Language Processing, pp 11-18, Kanpur, India. New Delhi: Allied Publishers - Structuring Documents Efficiently
Robert Marshall, Steven Bird and Peter Stuckey, Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop, pp 120-128, Sydney, Australia - Extending XPath to Support Linguistic Queries
Steven Bird, Yi Chen, Susan Davidson, Haejoong Lee, and Yifeng Zheng, Proceedings of Programming Language Technologies for XML, pp 35-46, Long Beach, California. Association for Computing Machinery - Transforming Access to the Spoken Word
Jerry Goldman, Steve Renals, Steven Bird, Franciska de Jong, Marcello Federico, Carl Fleischhauer, Mark Kornbluh, Lori Lamel, Douglas Oard, Claire Stewart and Richard Wright, International Journal on Digital Libraries 5, 287-298
2004
- Querying and Updating Treebanks: A Critical Survey and Requirements Analysis
Catherine Lai and Steven Bird, Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop, pp 139-146. Sydney, Australia - Representing and Rendering Linguistic Paradigms
David Penton and Steven Bird, Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop, pp 123-130. Sydney, Australia - NLTK: The Natural Language Toolkit
Steven Bird and Edward Loper, Proceedings of the ACL, pp 214-217. Barcelona, Spain - Towards a General Model for Linguistic Paradigms
David Penton, Catherine Bow, Steven Bird, and Baden Hughes, Proceedings of the E-MELD Workshop on Databases and Best Practice pp 1-15. Detroit, USA - TalkBank: Building an Open Unified Multimodal Database of Communicative Interaction
Brian MacWhinney, Steven Bird, Christopher Cieri and Craig Martell, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp 525-528. Lisbon, Portugal - Functional Requirements for an Interlinear Text Editor
Baden Hughes, Catherine Bow and Steven Bird, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp 771-775. Lisbon, Portugal - Securing Interpretability: The Case of Ega Language Documentation
Dafydd Gibbon, Catherine Bow, Steven Bird and Baden Hughes, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp 1369-1372. Lisbon, Portugal - Management of Metadata in Linguistic Fieldwork: Experience from the ACLA Project
Baden Hughes, David Penton, Steven Bird, Catherine Bow, Gillian Wigglesworth, Patrick McConvell and Jane Simpson, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp 193-196. Lisbon, Portugal - A Four-Level Model for Interlinear Text
Catherine Bow, Baden Hughes and Steven Bird (DRAFT) - Building an Open Language Archives Community on the DC Foundation
Steven Bird and Gary Simons, In Hillmann and Westbrooks (editors), Metadata in Practice: A Work in Progress, ALA Editions, pp 203-222
2003
- Baden Hughes, Steven Bird and Catherine Bow, Proceedings Australasian Language Technology Workshop, pp 105-113, Melbourne, Australia
- Grassfields Bantu Fieldwork: Dschang Lexicon
Steven Bird, Linguistic Data Consortium, ISBN 1-58563-255-4 - Grassfields Bantu Fieldwork: Dschang Tone Paradigms
Steven Bird, Linguistic Data Consortium, ISBN 1-58563-254-6 - Grid-Enabling Natural Language Engineering By Stealth
Baden Hughes and Steven Bird, Proceedings of the Workshop on The Software Engineering and Architecture of Language Technology Systems, pp 31-38
Association for Computational Linguistics. Edmonton, Canada - Seven Dimensions of Portability for Language Documentation and Description
Steven Bird and Gary Simons, Language 79: 557-582 - The Open Language Archives Community: An Infrastructure for Distributed Archiving of Language Resources
Gary Simons and Steven Bird, Literary and Linguistic Computing 18: 117-128 - Building an Open Language Archives Community on the OAI Foundation
Gary Simons and Steven Bird, Library Hi Tech 21, 210-218 (Special Issue on Open Archives Initiative Metadata Harvesting.) - Extending Dublin Core Metadata to support the description and discovery of language resources
Steven Bird and Gary Simons, Computing and the Humanities 37, 375-388
2002
- Proceedings of the IRCS Workshop on Open Language Archives
Steven Bird and Gary Simons (eds) 59pp - NLTK: The Natural Language Toolkit
Edward Loper and Steven Bird, Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics,
Philadelphia, Association for Computational Linguistics, pp 62-69 - An Integrated Framework for Treebanks and Multilayer Annotations
Scott Cotton and Steven Bird, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp 1670-1677. Las Palmas, Spain - TableTrans, MultiTrans, InterTrans and TreeTrans: Diverse Tools Built on the Annotation Graph Toolkit
Steven Bird, Kazuaki Maeda, Xiaoyi Ma, Haejoong Lee, Beth Randall, and Salim Zayat, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp 364-370. Las Palmas, Spain - Creating Annotation Tools with the Annotation Graph Toolkit
Kazuaki Maeda, Steven Bird, Xiaoyi Ma, and Haejoong Lee, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp 1914-1921. Las Palmas, Spain - Models and Tools for Collaborative Annotation
Xiaoyi Ma, Haejoong Lee, Steven Bird and Kazuaki Maeda, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp 2066-2073. Las Palmas, Spain - Computational Phonology
Steven Bird, Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 2nd Edition - Phonology
Steven Bird, In Ruslan Mitkov (ed), Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics, pp 1-24. Oxford University Press
2001
- Grassfields Bantu Fieldwork: Ngomba Tone Paradigms
Steven Bird and John Bell, Linguistic Data Consortium, ISBN 1-58563-216-3 - The Open Language Archives Community and Asian Language Resources
Steven Bird, Gary Simons and Chu-Ren Huang, Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources in Asia, 6th Natural Language Processing Pacific Rim Symposium, Tokyo, Japan - The OLAC Metadata Set and Controlled Vocabularies
Steven Bird and Gary Simons, Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources for Research and Education, Toulouse, France, pp 7-18 - Annotation Graphs and Servers and Multi-Modal Resources: Infrastructure for Interdisciplinary Education, Research and Development
Christopher Cieri and Steven Bird, Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources for Research and Education, Toulouse, France, pp 23-30 - Speech Annotation and Corpus Tools – Special Issue of Speech Communication
Steven Bird and Jonathan Harrington (eds) Speech Communication 33(1,2). - A formal framework for linguistic annotation
Steven Bird and Mark Liberman, Speech Communication 33(1,2), pp 23-60 - Orthography and identity in Cameroon
Steven Bird, Written Language and Literacy 4, pp 131-162
(Revised from paper presented at the 96th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, November 1997)
2000
- A Preliminary Study of the Structure of Lexicon Entries
John Bell and Steven Bird, Proceedings of the Workshop on Web-Based Language Documentation and Description, Philadelphia - A Formal Framework for Interlinear Text
Kazuaki Maeda and Steven Bird, Proceedings of the Workshop on Web-Based Language Documentation and Description, Philadelphia - ATLAS: A flexible and extensible architecture for linguistic annotation
Steven Bird, David Day, John Garofolo, John Henderson, Christophe Laprun, Mark Liberman, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Athens, Greece, pp 1699-1706 - Towards a query language for annotation graphs
Steven Bird, Peter Buneman and Wang-Chiew Tan, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation,
Athens, Greece, pp 807-814 - Many uses, many annotations for large speech corpora: Switchboard and TDT as case studies
David Graff and Steven Bird, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Athens, Greece, pp 427-433. - Transcribing with annotation graphs
Edouard Geoffrois, Claude Barras, Steven Bird and Zhibiao Wu, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Athens, Greece, pp 1517-1521 - Querying databases of annotated speech
Steve Cassidy and Steven Bird, Database Technologies: Proceedings of the Eleventh Australasian Database Conference, pp. 12-20. IEEE Computer Society
1990-99 (selected)
- Annotation graphs as a framework for multidimensional linguistic data analysis
Steven Bird and Mark Liberman, Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging, pp 1-10. Association for Computational Linguistics, 1999 - Multidimensional exploration of online linguistic field data
Steven Bird, Proceedings of the 29th Meeting of the North-East Linguistic Society, pp 33-50, 1999 (Web Version) - When marking tone reduces fluency: an orthography experiment in Cameroon
Steven Bird, Language and Speech 42, 83-115, 1999 - Strategies for representing tone in African writing systems
Steven Bird, Written Language and Literacy 2, 1-44, 1999 - Dschang syllable structure
Steven Bird, In van der Hulst & Ritter (eds) The Syllable: Views and Facts,
Studies in Generative Grammar, Mouton-De Gruyter, pp 447-476, 1999 - Towards a formal framework for linguistic annotations
Steven Bird and Mark Liberman, Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Sydney, 1998 - A lexical database tool for quantitative phonological research
Steven Bird, Proceedings of the Third Meeting of the ACL Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology, 33-39, Madrid, Spain, 1997 - Petit Dictionnaire Yemba-Francais
Steven Bird and Maurice Tadadjeu, Yaounde: NACALCO, 176pp, 1997 - Key aspects of declarative phonology
James Scobbie, John Coleman and Steven Bird, In Durand & Laks (eds). Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods, pp 685-710.
University of Salford Publications. 1996 - Computational Phonology: A Constraint-Based Approach
Steven Bird, Cambridge University Press, 1995 - The Bamileke Dschang associative construction: instrumental findings
Steven Bird and Oliver Stegen, Research Paper EUCCS/RP-66, Centre for Cognitive Science, University of Edinburgh, 1995 - Computational Phonology
Steven Bird (ed) Computational Linguistics, 20 (3), 1994 - Introduction to computational phonology
Steven Bird, Computational Linguistics, 20 (3), 1994 - Automated tone transcription
Steven Bird, Proceedings of the First Meeting of the ACL Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology, 1-12, Las Cruces, USA, 1994 - One level phonology: autosegmental representations and rules as finite automata
Steven Bird and T. Mark Ellison, Computational Linguistics, 20, 55-90, 1994 - Phonological analysis in typed feature systems
Steven Bird and Ewan Klein, Computational Linguistics, 20, 455-91, 1994 - Declarative phonology
Steven Bird, John Coleman, Janet Pierrehumbert and Jim Scobbie, Proceedings of the 15th International Conference of Linguists, Quebec, Canada, 1992 - A phonologist’s workbench
Steven Bird and T. Mark Ellison, Proceedings of the 15th International Conference of Linguists, Quebec, Canada, 1992 - Finite-state phonology in HPSG
Steven Bird, Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 74-80, 1992 - Feature structures and indices
Steven Bird, Phonology 8, 137-144, 1991 - Focus and phrasing in Unification Categorial Grammar
Steven Bird, in Steven Bird (ed) Declarative Perspectives in Phonology, Working Papers in Cognitive Science, Volume 7, University of Edinburgh. pp. 139-166, 1991 - A logical approach to Arabic phonology
Steven Bird and Patrick Blackburn, Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 89-94, 1991 - Defaults in underspecification phonology
Jonathan Calder and Steven Bird, In Bird (ed), Declarative Perspectives in Phonology, Working Papers in Cognitive Science, Volume 7, University of Edinburgh. pp. 107-125, 1991 - Phonological structure and abstract specification
Ewan Klein and Steven Bird, Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Volume 5, pp 110-13, 1991, Aix-en-Provence, France - Presenting autosegmental phonology
Steven Bird and D. Robert Ladd, Journal of Linguistics, 27, 193-210, 1991 - Phonological events
Steven Bird and Ewan Klein, Journal of Linguistics, 26, 33-56, 1990 - Constraint-Based Phonology
Steven Bird, PhD Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990
